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摘要：* 通讯作者：Jinbo Xu, jinboxu@moleculemind.com 参考文献 [1] Joseph L Watson, David Juergens, Nathaniel R Bennett, Brian L Trippe, Jason Yim, Helen E Eisenach, Woody Ahern, Andrew J Borst, Robert J Ragotte, Lukas F Milles, et al. De novo design of protein structure and function with rfdiffusion. Nature, 620 (7976):1089–1100, 2023. [2] Martin Pacesa, Lennart Nickel, Christian Schellhaas, Joseph Schmidt, Ekaterina Pyatova, Lucas Kissling, Patrick Barendse, Jagrity Choudhury, Srajan Kapoor, Ana Alcaraz-Serna, et al. One-shot design of functional protein binders with bindcraft. Nature, 646 (8084):483–492, 2025. [3] Vinicius Zambaldi, David La, Alexander E Chu, Harshnira Patani, Amy E Danson, Tristan OC Kwan, Thomas Frerix, Rosalia G Schneider, David Saxton, Ashok Thillaisundaram, et al. De novo design of high-affinity protein binders with alphaproteo. arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.08022, 2024. [4] Chai Discovery Team, Jacques Boitreaud, Jack Dent, Danny Geisz, Matthew McPartlon, Joshua Meier, Zhuoran Qiao, Alex Rogozhnikov, Nathan Rollins, Paul Wollenhaupt, et al. Zero-shot antibody design in a 24-well plate. bioRxiv, pages 2025–07, 2025. [5] Luis S Mille-Fragoso, John N Wang, Claudia L Driscoll, Haoyu Dai, Talal Widatalla, Xiaowei Zhang, Brian L Hie, and Xiaojing J Gao. Efficient generation of epitope-targeted de novo antibodies with germinal. bioRxiv, 2025. [6] Hannes Stark, Felix Faltings, Min Gyu Choi, Yuxin Xie, Eunsu Hur, Timothy O’Donnell, Anton Bushuiev, Talip Uçar, Saro Passaro, Weian Mao, et al. Boltzgen: Toward universal binder design. bioRxiv, pages 2025–11, 2025. [7] BioGeometry Team and Jian Tang. Rapid de novo antibody design with geoflow-v3. bioRxiv, pages 2025–10, 2025. [8] Sheng Xu, Qiantai Feng, Lifeng Qiao, Hao Wu, Tao Shen, Yu Cheng, Shuangjia Zheng, and Siqi Sun. Foldbench: An all-atom benchmark for biomolecular structure prediction. bioRxiv, pages 2025–05, 2025. [9] Josh Abramson, Jonas Adler, Jack Dunger, Richard Evans, Tim Green, Alexander Pritzel, Olaf Ronneberger, Lindsay Willmore, Andrew J Ballard, Joshua Bambrick, et al. Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with alphafold 3. Nature, 630 (8016):493–500, 2024. [10] Helen M Berman, John Westbrook, Zukang Feng, Gary Gilliland, Talapady N Bhat, Helge Weissig, Ilya N Shindyalov, and Philip E Bourne. The protein data bank. Nucleic Acids Research, 28 (1):235–242, 2000. [11] Claudio Mirabello and Björn Wallner. Dockq v2: improved automatic quality measure for protein multimers, nucleic acids, and small molecules. Bioinformatics, 40 (10):btae586, 2024. [12] Saro Passaro, Gabriele Corso, Jeremy Wohlwend, Mateo Reveiz, S. Thaler, Vignesh Ram Somnath, Noah Getz, Tally Portnoi, J. Roy, Hannes Stark, D. Kwabi-Addo, Dominique Beaini, Tommi Jaakkola, and Regina Barzilay. Boltz-2: Towards accurate and efficient binding affinity prediction. bioRxiv, pages 2025–06, 2025. [13] ByteDance Seed. Protenix-v2: Broadening the reach of structure prediction and biomolecular design. 2025. [14] ByteDance AML AI4Science Team, Xinshi Chen, Yuxuan Zhang, Chan Lu, Wenzhi Ma, Jiaqi Guan, Chengyue Gong, et al. Protenix—advancing structure prediction through a comprehensive alphafold 3 reproduction. bioRxiv, pages 2025–01, 2025. [15] Salvatore Candido et al. Language modeling materializes a world model of protein biology, 2026. URL https://github.com/biohub/esm. Biohub preprint. [16] Ivan Anishchenko, Samuel J Pellock, Tamuka M Chidyausiku, Theresa A Ramelot, Sergey Ovchinnikov, Jingzhou Hao, Khushboo Bafna, Christoffer Norn, Alex Kang, Asim K Bera, et al. De novo protein design by deep network hallucination. Nature, 600 (7889):547–552, 2021. 附录 A 设计 VHH 序列针对已知抗体数据库的 CDR 相似性分析 为评估设计序列相对于已知抗体序列的新颖性，我们对 338 个 VHH 序列进行了 CDR 相似性分析，涵盖 11 个靶标系统，并额外检查了每个系统中亲和力最高的 VHH 候选物。